World Music AI Prompts: Complete Guide to Every Global Tradition for Suno, Udio and Beyond

How to Use This Guide: The World Music Emotional Map

Six emotional categories that cut across every culture

Every musical tradition on earth — regardless of continent, language, or century — organises emotional expression into recognisable categories. Before diving into individual traditions, understanding these six universal emotional territories helps you choose the right tradition for your creative need. Emotional / Devotional music connects the listener to something larger than themselves — raags like Bhairavi, maqam Bayati, Persian Shur, and Japanese Hirajoshi all occupy this territory. Sad / Melancholic traditions carry longing, loss, and bittersweet beauty — flamenco's cante jondo, Ethiopian Tizita, Raag Jaunpuri, and Maqam Saba live here. Dark Ambient traditions create psychological depth and mystery — Raag Malkauns, Persian Homayoun, Turkish Makam Saba, and the Iwato scale of Japan generate this atmosphere. Orchestral / Cinematic traditions suit dramatic narrative contexts — Hindustani Raudra raags, Arabic Hijaz, Mongolian throat singing, and West African Griot traditions serve this role. Fusion is where traditions meet Western contemporary production — every tradition in this guide includes specific Western instruments that integrate authentically. Celebratory traditions carry joy, festivity, and communal energy — Raag Hamsadhwani, Afrobeats, Ryukyu scales from Okinawa, and Celtic Mixolydian all belong here.

Each section below maps one world tradition through these six lenses, then gives you two actual copy-paste prompts — one formatted for Suno AI (which responds best to prose descriptions with emotional context) and one for Udio (which responds best to comma-separated tag-style prompts with specific technical details). Use this guide as your reference library: bookmark the traditions relevant to your work, and return when a new project demands a specific cultural or emotional character.

One important note on authenticity: AI-generated world music works best when you honour the emotional logic of each tradition rather than just naming it. A prompt that says 'Raag Bhairavi, sad and devotional, late night, bowed string, slow' generates more authentic output than a prompt that simply says 'Indian music, Bhairavi.' The same principle applies globally — specificity of emotion, instrument, and context always outperforms generic cultural naming.

Indian Classical: Hindustani Raags — The World's Most Developed Emotional Scale System

26+ raags, each a complete emotional universe with rasa, time, and seasonal identity

Hindustani classical music from North India represents the most thoroughly documented emotional scale system on earth. Each raag — there are over 300 in the classical canon, with 26+ active in RaagEngine's generator — carries a specific time of day, season, rasa (emotional essence), and set of characteristic phrases that make it recognisable and emotionally distinct. This isn't arbitrary: Indian classical theory holds that certain scale structures resonate with the body's natural rhythms at specific times, making Raag Bhairav at dawn feel categorically different from Raag Darbari at midnight, even to listeners unfamiliar with the tradition. For AI prompt purposes, this specificity is enormously useful — naming the raag, its time, and its rasa gives the AI a precise emotional target.

Emotional category mapping for Hindustani raags: Devotional and peaceful: Raag Bhairavi (late night, universal compassion), Raag Yaman (evening, expansive devotion), Raag Bhairav (dawn, solemn reverence), Raag Kedar (evening, devotional calm). Sad and melancholic: Raag Jaunpuri (morning, vast sadness), Raag Bageshri (night, intimate longing), Raag Todi (morning, intense introspective grief), Raag Shivaranjani (all-time, bittersweet contemplation). Dark ambient and powerful: Raag Malkauns (midnight, mysterious power), Raag Darbari (deep night, regal gravity), Raag Marwa (twilight, unresolved tension), Raag Lalit (pre-dawn, ancient depth). Celebratory and bright: Raag Hamsadhwani (all-time, pure joy), Raag Bhoopali (evening, serene openness), Raag Bilaval (morning, clear brightness), Raag Desh (patriotic nostalgia). Fierce and dramatic: Raag Durga (evening, warrior power), Raag Bhimpalasi (afternoon, yearning devotion).

Best Western instruments for Hindustani fusion: Cello (mirrors Sarangi's bowed vocal quality), Violin (works across all raags, especially Carnatic), Oboe and English Horn (match Bansuri's breathy middle register), French Horn (suits evening raags — Yaman, Kedar — with warmth and depth), Low brass and Timpani (amplify Raudra raags like Durga and Malkauns), Grand Piano (works in slow, sparse voicings for introspective raags — Todi, Bhairavi), String Quartet (exceptional for Khayal adaptation in Western chamber contexts).

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Indian Classical: Carnatic Ragas — South India's Mathematical Devotional Architecture

72 parent scales, precise microtones, and devotional intensity unlike any tradition

Carnatic music from South India shares ancestry with Hindustani classical but developed independently over a millennium into a system of extraordinary mathematical precision and devotional intensity. The 72 Melakarta parent scales (janaka ragas) generate hundreds of derived scales (janya ragas), each with precise microtonal structures governed by a systematic framework. Where Hindustani music emphasises improvisation and emotional unfolding over long durations, Carnatic music balances improvisation with composed sections (kriti) and values precise ornamental techniques (gamaka) that create an almost vocal quality even in instrumental performance.

Carnatic ragas by emotional category: Devotional: Shankarabharanam (the Carnatic equivalent of Western major — bright, devotional, universally beloved), Kalyani (elevated and spiritually luminous, equivalent to Lydian mode), Mayamalavagowla (the most ancient dawn raga, deeply devotional, asymmetric beauty). Melancholic: Natabhairavi (deep melancholy and introspection, equivalent to natural minor), Hindolam (pentatonic, haunting, deeply devotional sadness). Celebratory: Hamsadhwani (pentatonic joy, identical function to its Hindustani counterpart), Mohanam (serene pentatonic brightness, widely used in film). Complex and intense: Kamavardhini/Pantuvarali (rare, intense, augmented intervals creating exotic tension), Varali (ancient and mysterious, rarely performed).

Best Western instruments for Carnatic fusion: Violin has been integral to Carnatic performance since the 19th century — it's the most natural fusion instrument for this tradition. Cello in pizzicato mode mirrors the Mridangam's rhythmic precision. Flute (Western silver flute) pairs exceptionally with Veena in Southern fusion. Piano in sparse voicings can simulate the Veena's characteristic sustain. Marimba and vibraphone create interesting textural blends with Mridangam rhythm in contemporary Carnatic fusion contexts.

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Arabic and Turkish Maqam — Desert Emotion, Spiritual Longing, and Ornamental Mastery

11 core maqamat covering grief, joy, sacredness, and the full emotional spectrum

The Arabic and Turkish Maqam systems are the great modal music traditions of the Middle East, spanning North Africa, the Levant, Egypt, Turkey, and the broader Islamic world. Maqam (plural: maqamat) translates roughly as 'place' or 'station' — each maqam is a modal framework with characteristic melodic phrases, ornamental patterns, modulation pathways, and an emotional character called ethos. The Arabic tradition recognises over 70 maqamat; the Turkish Ottoman tradition developed its own parallel vocabulary of makamlar. Both share the use of quarter-tones — microtonal intervals between the notes of Western equal temperament — which give maqam music its characteristic emotional ambiguity and expressive depth that Western scales cannot fully replicate.

Maqam emotional mapping: Spiritual and balanced: Maqam Rast (the most central Arabic maqam, balanced and spiritual, often used for prayer calls), Makam Uşşak (Turkish, tender and longing, devotional). Grief and deep sadness: Maqam Saba (Arabic plaintive grief, one of the most emotionally piercing maqamat), Makam Saba (Turkish, deep sorrow). Desert and exotic: Maqam Hijaz (the characteristic 'Arabic sound' in Western ears — the augmented second interval creates the exotic, desert character), Makam Hicaz (Turkish sacred variant). Romantic and minor: Maqam Nahawand (equivalent to Western natural minor, widely used in Arabic pop and romantic contexts), Makam Nihavend (Turkish romantic). Dark and introspective: Maqam Kurd (dark and deeply introspective, equivalent to Phrygian). Joyful and bright: Maqam Ajam (equivalent to Western major, bright and celebratory). Emotional depth: Maqam Bayati (the most emotionally expressive and widely used maqam — carries longing, love, and spiritual yearning simultaneously).

Best Western instruments for Maqam fusion: Cello is exceptional — its range and bow technique can approximate the quarter-tone ornaments of the Oud and Kamancheh. Oboe and English Horn pair naturally with the Ney's breathy, plaintive quality. Strings (especially viola) work well in slow, legato Maqam Saba contexts. Piano requires retuning or careful voicing to avoid clashing with quarter-tones — use sparse, modal voicings without chord stacks. Clarinet (especially bass clarinet) works beautifully in Maqam Hijaz contexts for dark, cinematic fusion. Percussion: frame drum patterns translate naturally to orchestral snare and light timpani in cinematic contexts.

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Persian / Iranian Dastgah — The Most Nuanced Emotional System in World Music

10 dastgah covering longing, spiritual transcendence, and noble refinement

Persian classical music (Musiqī-ye Sonnatī) is built around the Dastgah system — 10 primary modal frameworks (7 primary dastgah + 3 avaz) each carrying a distinct emotional character called hāl (state or mood). Persian music is perhaps the world's most emotionally subtle classical tradition: where Indian raags and Arabic maqamat have clear emotional characters, Persian dastgah carry layered, ambiguous emotional states — Dastgah Shur carries longing and sadness but also a kind of dignified resignation; Dastgah Isfahan carries nobility and refinement that transforms into melancholy; Dastgah Chahargah carries dramatic power that contains both grief and triumph simultaneously. This emotional complexity makes Persian music extraordinarily powerful in cinematic and ambient contexts.

Persian Dastgah emotional mapping: Longing and most-used: Dastgah Shur (the most common dastgah, the 'mother' of Persian music — longing, sadness, dignity, widely used for poetry and love songs). Dark and spiritual: Dastgah Homayoun (deep darkness and spiritual searching, contains Avaz Esfahan as a brighter sub-system). Dramatic and powerful: Dastgah Chahargah (the most dramatically powerful dastgah — fierce, intense, warrior-like, used for climactic moments in Persian classical performance). Tender and melancholic: Dastgah Segah (tender, plaintive, deeply melancholic, associated with loss and longing). Noble and refined: Avaz Isfahan (the most refined and aristocratic Persian modal area — noble, intellectual, elegant). Nostalgic and regional: Dastgah Dashti (pastoral and nostalgic, associated with countryside and folk memory). Bittersweet and wistful: Bayat-e-Tork (bittersweet longing with a gentle folk character). Spiritual and gentle: Dastgah Nava (spiritual, gentle, meditative).

Best Western instruments for Persian fusion: The Duduk (Armenian wind instrument) and English Horn share a tonal quality that bridges Persian music naturally into Western orchestral contexts. Cello is perhaps the ideal Western fusion instrument for Persian music — its capacity for microtonal slides and emotional intensity matches the Persian radif's ornament system. Viola (slightly darker than violin) works better than violin for most dastgah. Piano in modal, non-harmonic voicings — essentially treating the piano as a percussion instrument — can work in contemporary Persian fusion. Accordion has been used in some Persian folk-fusion contexts due to its drone capability.

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Flamenco and Spanish Music — Europe's Most Emotionally Raw Tradition

Phrygian passion, duende, and the cry of Andalusia

Flamenco from Andalusia in southern Spain is Europe's most emotionally intense musical tradition, built on the Phrygian mode — a scale structure that shares deep similarities with Arabic Maqam Hijaz, reflecting the 700 years of Moorish influence in southern Spain. The tradition organises itself into palos (forms) each with a distinct emotional character and rhythmic structure: Soleá (profound solitude and grief), Seguiriya (the deepest emotional pain, considered flamenco's purest form), Bulerías (joyful, fast, celebratory), Alegrías (bright, Sevillian joy), Tangos (upbeat, rhythmic fun), Fandango (romantic and lyrical). The concept of duende — the quality of authentic raw emotional expression that separates genuine flamenco from imitation — is the closest European equivalent to the Indian concept of rasa.

Flamenco emotional mapping: Dark and grief: Soleá (solitude, dignified grief, the emotional core of flamenco), Seguiriya (raw pain, primitive grief, considered the deepest palo). Bittersweet: Malagueña (romantic and lyrical, from Málaga), Granaina (Granada's introspective variant). Celebratory: Bulerías (fast, joyful, communal), Alegrías (Cádiz joy, bright and festive). Romantic: Fandango (romantic and flowing, many regional variants). Dark ambient: Phrygian mode base creates naturally dark, mysterious, psychologically intense atmosphere across all palos.

Best Western instruments for Flamenco fusion: The Flamenco Guitar is the tradition's primary instrument — use 'nylon string guitar with rasgueado and golpe' in prompts. Cajon (box drum) is the standard percussive accompaniment. For orchestral fusion: Low strings (cello, double bass) amplify the Phrygian gravity; Trumpet (muted, jazz-influenced) works in contemporary flamenco-jazz fusion (Paco de Lucía collaborated with jazz ensembles). Violin has been used in flamenco fusion contexts. Handclaps (palmas) are inseparable from authentic flamenco — include 'palmas rhythm, jaleo' in prompts for authenticity.

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Japanese Music Scales — Wabi-Sabi, Zen, and the Sound of Silence

Hirajoshi to Iwato: Japan's six scales and their emotional territories

Japanese classical and folk music traditions use a set of pentatonic scales quite different from the Western or Indian systems, each carrying the aesthetic philosophy of wabi-sabi — the beauty of impermanence, incompleteness, and quiet melancholy — that defines much of Japanese aesthetic culture. The six main Japanese scales occupy distinct emotional territories: Hirajoshi (wabi-sabi, the most distinctive Japanese scale, melancholy and beautiful in its imperfection), Iwato (Zen and ancient, darkly spiritual, named after a cave in Japanese mythology), In Scale (dark and introspective, used in traditional court music), Akebono (dawn and awakening, gentle and luminous), Yo Scale (bright folk character, used in folk and festival music), Ryukyu (from Okinawa — festive, warm, unique pentatonic character very different from the mainland tradition).

Japanese musical tradition emotional mapping: Wabi-sabi melancholy: Hirajoshi scale with Koto or Shakuhachi, slow ma (negative space) technique, autumn and impermanence. Zen and dark: Iwato scale with Shakuhachi solo, deep breathing and silence as musical elements, ancient forest atmosphere. Dawn and gentle: Akebono scale with Koto arpeggios, morning light and mist. Festival and bright: Ryukyu scale with Sanshin (Okinawan banjo-like instrument), festive and communal energy. Dramatic and powerful: Taiko drums (ensemble) for epic and dramatic contexts, martial energy. Court music (gagaku): Ancient and ceremonial, using distinctive instruments like the Sho (mouth organ) and Biwa (lute).

Best Western instruments for Japanese music fusion: The Cello is perhaps the single most effective Western instrument for Japanese scale fusion — its tonal range maps beautifully onto Koto arpeggios and Shakuhachi melodic lines. Alto Flute (darker and lower than standard flute) mirrors the Shakuhachi's breathy lower register. Prepared Piano (strings muted or plucked) creates percussive textures reminiscent of Koto. Vibraphone and marimba (mallet instruments) integrate well with Japanese pentatonic frameworks. Minimalist string writing in the style of Arvo Pärt or Morton Feldman aligns naturally with Japanese ma aesthetics.

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African Music Traditions — Griot Ancestry, Afrobeats Energy, Ethiopian Soul

West African pentatonic, Ethiopian Tizita, and the rhythmic intelligence of the continent

African music traditions represent the world's most rhythmically sophisticated musical cultures and the ancestral roots of most popular music on earth — jazz, blues, R&B, reggae, funk, and hip-hop all trace genealogical lines back to African musical traditions. For AI prompt purposes, the most useful African traditions fall into several distinct families. West African Griot tradition (Senegal, Mali, Guinea) uses the Kora (21-string bridge harp) and Balafon (wooden xylophone) with pentatonic scales to carry ancestral stories and historical memory — the emotional character is simultaneously joyful and solemn, communal and sacred. Ethiopian music uses two distinct scales: Tizita (nostalgic longing, one of the most emotionally distinctive scales on earth, used for songs of homesickness and beautiful sadness) and Bati (festive joy, used for celebrations). Afrobeats and Highlife (Nigeria, Ghana) bring rhythmic density, call-and-response patterns, and infectious groove energy.

African traditions emotional mapping: Ancestral and sacred: West African Griot tradition with Kora and Balafon, pentatonic, storytelling character, both joyful and serious. Beautiful longing: Ethiopian Tizita scale, bittersweet homesickness, one of the most emotionally piercing scales outside the Indian system. Festive and communal: Ethiopian Bati, Afrobeats rhythmic frameworks, West African Highlife. Dark ambient and ancestral: Mbira (thumb piano) from Zimbabwe, Pelog and ceremonial African frameworks. Powerful and rhythmic: Djembe ensemble rhythms (West Africa), Batá drums (Afro-Cuban heritage from Yoruba tradition).

Best Western instruments for African fusion: The Acoustic Guitar blends naturally with West African pentatonic traditions — Django Reinhardt-influenced jazz guitar fuses well with Kora. Marimba and Vibraphone share percussive DNA with Balafon and Mbira. Bass Guitar is already integral to Afrobeats production. Cello pizzicato creates interesting blends with Kora's harp-like texture. For Ethiopian Tizita fusion, Piano works exceptionally — Mulatu Astatke's Ethio-Jazz pioneered this synthesis. Trumpet (muted, Miles Davis-influenced) integrates well with both West African and Ethiopian traditions.

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Celtic and European Folk Traditions — Dorian Darkness, Mixolydian Brightness, Modal Depth

Irish, Scottish, Nordic, Greek, Klezmer, and Balkan traditions mapped emotionally

European folk traditions outside the Classical canon represent some of the world's most varied and emotionally distinctive music. Irish and Scottish Celtic music uses Mixolydian (bright, communal, dance-oriented) and Dorian (darker, more introspective folk) modes, with the Celtic Harp, Uilleann Pipes, Fiddle, Tin Whistle, and Bodhrán as primary instruments. Nordic/Scandinavian folk uses a distinctive scale system with characteristic open intervals, associated with vast landscapes, winter darkness, and spiritual depth — the Hardanger fiddle of Norway is its iconic instrument. Greek music uses the Bouzouki in Rebetiko (urban blues, deeply emotional, associated with exile and hardship) and traditional folk frameworks. Klezmer (Jewish folk music of Eastern Europe) uses the Freygish/Ahava Raba scale — a distinctive mode with an augmented second that gives it simultaneously dark and celebratory character. Balkan folk uses complex asymmetric time signatures (7/8, 11/8, 13/8) and chromatic scale variations that create hypnotic, intensely rhythmic music.

Celtic/European folk emotional mapping: Bright and communal: Irish and Scottish Mixolydian jigs and reels, Celtic Harp arpeggios, dancing energy. Dark and introspective: Scottish Dorian slow airs, Nordic Hardanger fiddle, melancholy vastness. Urban grief (rebetiko): Greek Bouzouki in minor modes, urban exile and hardship. Simultaneously dark and celebratory: Klezmer Freygish — this scale contains both qualities at once, creating a unique emotional ambiguity. Hypnotic and complex: Balkan folk asymmetric rhythms, driving and entrancing.

Best Western instruments for Celtic/European folk fusion: Celtic music already uses primarily Western instruments — the Fiddle (violin), Celtic Harp, Uilleann Pipes are the core. For orchestral fusion: String Quartet amplifies Celtic slow airs beautifully. Accordion is integral to both Celtic and Klezmer traditions. For Nordic fusion: Low strings and brass amplify the open-interval, landscape-evoking character. Piano in sparse, Nordic style (think Ludovico Einaudi or Ólafur Arnalds) fuses naturally with Nordic folk scales.

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Latin and Bossa Nova — Rhythmic Intelligence and Harmonic Sophistication

Samba, bossa, flamenco-influenced Andean, and Afro-Cuban rhythmic traditions

Latin American music traditions represent some of the world's most harmonically and rhythmically sophisticated popular music systems, born from the synthesis of Indigenous, African, and European musical elements across five centuries. Bossa Nova (Brazilian) uses sophisticated jazz harmony (seventh chords, complex substitutions) over samba rhythmic frameworks at reduced intensity — the emotional character is intimate, sophisticated, nostalgic, and slightly melancholic. Samba (Brazilian) is rhythmically dense, celebratory, and communal — built on interlocking polyrhythmic patterns between multiple percussion instruments. Salsa and Cuban Son (Cuban-Puerto Rican) uses clave rhythmic foundation (the 3-2 or 2-3 clave pattern) with brass arrangements and call-and-response vocal structure. Andean music (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador) uses the Pan Flute (Quena and Zampoña) and Charango (small guitar) with pentatonic frameworks that create high-altitude, vast-landscape emotional character.

Latin emotional mapping: Sophisticated melancholy: Bossa Nova, minor seventh chords, acoustic guitar, intimate and nostalgic. Celebratory energy: Samba, Salsa, Afro-Cuban, dense rhythmic layers, brass, joyful and communal. Vast landscape: Andean pentatonic, Pan Flute, high-altitude spirituality. Dark and powerful: Latin jazz in minor keys, Afro-Cuban Rumba with Batá drums, sacred and powerful.

Best Western instruments for Latin fusion: Acoustic Guitar (nylon string) is fundamental to Bossa Nova and Latin folk. Piano is central to Latin jazz — the montuno (repeated rhythmic piano pattern) is essential to salsa and son. Trumpet and Trombone (brass section) define Latin big band sound. Bass Guitar in Afro-Cuban tumbao patterns. Congas and Bongos translate rhythmically to orchestral hand percussion in classical fusion contexts.

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South and Southeast Asian Traditions — Gamelan, Thai, and Island Sacred Music

Pelog and Slendro from Java and Bali, Thai ceremonial, and Philippine kulintang

Southeast Asian musical traditions represent some of the world's most distinctive ensemble-based systems. Gamelan (Java and Bali, Indonesia) uses tuned bronze metallophones (Gangsa, Bonang, Saron) in ensemble creating an interlocking textural web of sound — the Balinese Pelog scale creates sacred, ceremonial intensity; the Javanese Slendro creates meditative, contemplative depth. Neither scale fits neatly into Western equal temperament, giving Gamelan a characteristic shimmer and resonance. Thai classical music uses ceremonial ensembles built around the Pi Phat (percussion and wind ensemble) with its own pentatonic system. Philippine Kulintang uses a series of graduated gongs creating melodic patterns — festive, communal, and rhythmically complex.

Southeast Asian emotional mapping: Sacred and ceremonial: Balinese Gamelan in Pelog scale, kecak chanting, ritual intensity and precision. Meditative: Javanese Gamelan in Slendro scale, slow interlocking patterns, contemplative depth. Festive and communal: Philippine Kulintang, Balinese festive gamelan, bright and energetic. Dark ambient: Deep Gamelan gong resonance, low drone, ceremonial darkness.

Best Western instruments for Southeast Asian fusion: The Vibraphone is the single most natural Western equivalent to Gamelan metallophones — it shares the same struck-metal resonance. Marimba works similarly. Piano in layered, interlocking patterns can approximate Gamelan texture. Cello harmonics (bowed sul ponticello) create tones that blend with Gamelan's overtone-rich timbre. For Thai fusion: Flute (Western silver) blends with the Pi (Thai double-reed), though imperfectly.

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Sufi Music — Where Classical Traditions Meet Spiritual Transcendence

Qawwali, Dhrupad, and the music of divine longing across traditions

Sufi music is not a single tradition but a spiritual orientation that appears across multiple musical cultures — from the Qawwali of Pakistan and North India (Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's tradition), to the Sama ceremony of Turkish Mevlevi dervishes, to the Sufi music of Iran, Afghanistan, and North Africa. What unites these forms is the use of music as a vehicle for hal — spiritual state — and ultimately for fana (annihilation of ego in the divine). Qawwali specifically uses the Raag system but in a devotional context where the music builds from moderate intensity toward ecstatic, trance-like climaxes through repetition, call-and-response, and rhythmic escalation. The Duff (large frame drum) and Harmonium are the characteristic Qawwali instruments.

Sufi music emotional mapping: Devotional longing: Qawwali in Raag Kafi or Bhairavi, Harmonium drone, tabla, devotional ecstasy building slowly. Whirling transcendence: Turkish Mevlevi Sema, Ney flute, slow build toward ecstatic rotation. Dark spiritual search: Iranian Sufi music in Dastgah Shur, deep and searching. Ecstatic celebration: Qawwali at climax, full ensemble, call-and-response, community trance state.

Best Western instruments for Sufi fusion: Cello has been used in cross-cultural Sufi fusion contexts with remarkable effectiveness — its bowed, vocal-like quality matches the Sarangi and Kamancheh. Accordion creates an interesting drone-heavy texture when used in Qawwali fusion contexts. String orchestra in sustained, drone-like voicings can amplify the spiritual atmosphere. Electronic ambient layers (synthesizer pads) under authentic Sufi instruments create compelling contemporary hybrid.

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